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<title>Green algae</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green algae</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an explanation of its other names, see <a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> and <a href="Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the bacteria commonly known as blue-green algae that can produce toxic blooms in lakes and other waters, see <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>.</div>

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);">Green algae

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<td colspan="2" class="image-section">Green algal diversity. From top left corner: <i>Picocystis</i> (<a href="Picocystophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picocystophyceae">Picocystophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Acetabularia" title="Acetabularia">Acetabularia</a></i> (<a href="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Botryococcus" title="Botryococcus">Botryococcus</a></i> (<a href="Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a></i> (<a href="Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Klebsormidium" title="Klebsormidium">Klebsormidium</a></i> (<a href="Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Chara_(alga)" title="Chara (alga)">Chara</a></i> (<a href="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a>), <i><a href="Spirogyra" title="Spirogyra">Spirogyra</a></i> and <i><a href="Micrasterias" title="Micrasterias">Micrasterias</a></i> (<a href="Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a>)

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Domain:

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<td><a href="Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>

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<td><i>Clade</i>:

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<td><a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>

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<td><i>Clade</i>:

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<td><a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);">Groups included

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<ul><li><a href="Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></li>

<li><i>Streptofilum</i></li></ul>

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><a href="Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa

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<ul><li><a href="Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></li></ul>

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<p>The <b>green algae</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>green alga</b>) are a group of <a href="Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>-containing <a href="Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> <a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> consisting of the phylum <a href="Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a> and its unnamed <a href="Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> that contains the <a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> and <a href="Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a>/<a href="Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a>. The <a href="Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a> (Embryophyta) have emerged deep within the charophytes as a sister of the <a href="Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuanLiu-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delwiche-2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delwiche-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the realization that the Embryophyta emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.<sup id="cite_ref-Delwiche-2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delwiche-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhfel-2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhfel-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The completed <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> that includes both green algae and embryophytes is <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> and is referred to as the clade <a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> and as the kingdom <a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>. The green algae include unicellular and colonial <a href="Flagellate" title="Flagellate">flagellates</a>, most with two <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular <a href="Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a>. There are about 22,000 species of green algae,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form <a href="Coenobium_(morphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenobium (morphology)">coenobia</a> (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.

</p><p>A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> for them. The <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> in <a href="Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> of the genus <i><a href="Lepidodinium" title="Lepidodinium">Lepidodinium</a></i>, <a href="Euglenid" title="Euglenid">euglenids</a> and <a href="Chlorarachniophyte" title="Chlorarachniophyte">chlorarachniophytes</a> were acquired from <a href="Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">ingested</a> <a href="Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiont</a> green algae,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the latter retain a <a href="Nucleomorph" title="Nucleomorph">nucleomorph</a> (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate <i><a href="Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i>, and in <i><a href="Hydra_viridissima" title="Hydra viridissima">Hydra viridissima</a></i> and in <a href="Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera <i><a href="Trebouxia" title="Trebouxia">Trebouxia</a></i> of the class <i><a href="Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></i> and <i><a href="Trentepohlia_(alga)" title="Trentepohlia (alga)">Trentepohlia</a></i> (class <a href="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a>), can be found in symbiotic associations with <a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> to form <a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. In general, the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. <i>Trentepohlia</i> is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family <a href="Graphidaceae" title="Graphidaceae">Graphidaceae</a>. Also the macroalga <i><a href="Prasiola_calophylla" title="Prasiola calophylla">Prasiola calophylla</a></i> (Trebouxiophyceae) is terrestrial,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and

<i><a href="Prasiola_crispa" title="Prasiola crispa">Prasiola crispa</a></i>, which live in the <a href="Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">supralittoral zone</a>, is terrestrial and can in the Antarctic form large carpets on humid soil, especially near bird colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellular_structure">Cellular structure</h2></div>

<p>Green algae have chloroplasts that contain <a href="Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> and <a href="Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b"><i>b</i></a>, giving them a bright green color, as well as the accessory pigments <a href="Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a> (red-orange) and <a href="Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophylls</a> (yellow) in stacked <a href="Thylakoid" title="Thylakoid">thylakoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows_1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vandenHoek-1995_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandenHoek-1995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of green algae usually contain <a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, and they store carbohydrate in the form of <a href="Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>All green algae have <a href="Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> with flat <a href="Cristae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristae">cristae</a>. When present, paired <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> are used to move the cell. They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of <a href="Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> and fibrous strands. Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of <a href="Charophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophytes">charophytes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and <i><a href="Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i>, but are absent from the gametes of <a href="Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a> and <a href="Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">flowering plants</a>.

</p><p>Members of the class <a href="Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a> undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a <a href="Phycoplast" title="Phycoplast">phycoplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pickett-Heaps-1976_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pickett-Heaps-1976-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="Charophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophyte">charophyte</a> green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open <a href="Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> without <a href="Centriole" title="Centriole">centrioles</a>. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the <a href="Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">phragmoplast</a>, is formed from the <a href="Mitotic_spindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic spindle">mitotic spindle</a> and cell division involves the use of this <a href="Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">phragmoplast</a> in the production of a <a href="Cell_plate" title="Cell plate">cell plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

<p>Photosynthetic <a href="Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> originated following a primary <a href="Endosymbiotic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiotic theory">endosymbiotic</a> event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterium</a>-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound <a href="Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a>: the <a href="Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keeling-2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeling-2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three <a href="Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> clades with primary plastids: the <a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">(green) plants</a> (with <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>), the <a href="Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> (with rhodoplasts), and the <a href="Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a> (with muroplasts).<sup id="cite_ref-DeClerck-2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeClerck-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_classification">Evolution and classification</h2></div>

<p>Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (or <a href="Chlorobionta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobionta">Chlorobionta</a>). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and <a href="Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophyte</a> algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as <a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or Plantae <i>sensu lato</i>. The ancestral green alga was a unicellular flagellate.<sup id="cite_ref-Leliaert-2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leliaert-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The <a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> include the early diverging <a href="Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">prasinophyte</a> lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The <a href="Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a> include <a href="Charophyta" title="Charophyta">charophytes</a> and land plants. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leliaert-2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leliaert-2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marin-2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laurin-Lemay-2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin-Lemay-2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruhfel-2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruhfel-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gitzendanner-2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitzendanner-2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lemieux-2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemieux-2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuanLiu-2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuanLiu-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a>

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<p><a href="Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a> (prasinophyte clade VI)

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<p><a href="Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a>

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</td>

<div>

<td class="clade-label first">core Chlorophyta

</td>

<div>

<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Chlorophytina" title="Chlorophytina">Chlorophytina</a>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophytes</a> Clade VIIA

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophytes</a> Clade VIIC

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Pycnococcaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pycnococcaceae">Pycnococcaceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Nephroselmidophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephroselmidophyceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Pyramimonadales" title="Pyramimonadales">Pyramimonadales</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="clade-label"><a href="Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a>/

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i>Streptofilum</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Klebsormidiales" title="Klebsormidiales">Klebsormidiophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="clade-label"><a href="Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Coleochaetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleochaetales">Coleochaetophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><a href="Zygnematales" title="Zygnematales">Zygnematophyceae</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Mesotaeniaceae" title="Mesotaeniaceae">Mesotaeniaceae</a> s.s.

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><a href="Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a> (land plants)

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td>

<div style="position:absolute;top:22.38em;color:black;white-space:nowrap">Green algae</div></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The basal character of the Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and <i>spirotaenia</i> are only more conventionally basal Streptophytes.

</p><p>The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in "<a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>", "green algae" and "<a href="Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophytes</a>", or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as <a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>, <a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>/<a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>, and <a href="Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">streptophytes</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2></div>

<p>Green algae are a group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that include species with haplobiontic and diplobiontic life cycles. The diplobiontic species, such as <i><a href="Sea_lettuce" title="Sea lettuce">Ulva</a></i>, follow a reproductive cycle called <a href="Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a> in which two multicellular forms, haploid and diploid, alternate, and these may or may not be isomorphic (having the same morphology). In haplobiontic species only the haploid generation, the <a href="Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> is multicellular. The fertilized egg cell, the diploid <a href="Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, undergoes <a href="Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, giving rise to haploid cells which will become new gametophytes. The diplobiontic forms, which evolved from haplobiontic ancestors, have both a multicellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation. Here the zygote divides repeatedly by <a href="Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and grows into a multicellular diploid <a href="Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a>. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte. All <a href="Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a> have a diplobiontic common ancestor, and diplobiontic forms have also evolved independently within <a href="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a> more than once (as has also occurred in the red and brown algae).<sup id="cite_ref-Trillo-2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trillo-2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Diplobiontic green algae include isomorphic and heteromorphic forms. In isomorphic algae, the morphology is identical in the haploid and diploid generations. In heteromorphic algae, the morphology and size are different in the gametophyte and sporophyte.<sup id="cite_ref-Bessho-2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bessho-2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (<a href="Isogamy" title="Isogamy">isogamy</a>) to <a href="Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (<a href="Oogamy" title="Oogamy">oogamy</a>). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called <a href="Prasinophyte" title="Prasinophyte">prasinophytes</a>.

</p><p>Haploid algal cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called <i>conjugation</i> and occurs for example in <i><a href="Spirogyra" title="Spirogyra">Spirogyra</a></i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_pheromone">Sex pheromone</h3></div>

<p><a href="Sex_pheromone" title="Sex pheromone">Sex pheromone</a> production is likely a common feature of green algae, although only studied in detail in a few model organisms. <i><a href="Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a></i> is a genus of <a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">chlorophytes</a>. Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. One well-studied species, <i><a href="Volvox_carteri" title="Volvox carteri">Volvox carteri</a></i> (2,000 – 6,000 cells) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer. As their environment dries out, asexual <i>V. carteri</i> quickly die. However, they are able to escape death by switching, shortly before drying is complete, to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation-resistant <a href="Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>. Sexual development is initiated by a <a href="Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> pheromone (Hallmann et al., 1998). This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules. It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10<sup>−16</sup>M.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirk and Kirk<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk-1986_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-1986-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that sex-inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in <a href="Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells by <a href="Heat_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat shock">heat shock</a>. Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex-inducing pheromone in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl)</i> complex is a unicellular, isogamous <a href="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">charophycean</a> alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. <a href="Heterothallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterothallic">Heterothallic</a> strains of different <a href="Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating type</a> can conjugate to form <a href="Zygospore" title="Zygospore">zygospores</a>. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins (glycopolypeptides) produced by mating-type (-) and mating-type (+) cells facilitate this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Sekimoto-1990_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekimoto-1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div>

<p>The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as <a href="Model_experimental_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Model experimental organism">model experimental organisms</a> to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, <a href="Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>, <a href="Turgor" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgor">turgor</a> regulation, <a href="Halophyte" title="Halophyte">salt tolerance</a>, <a href="Cytoplasmic_streaming" title="Cytoplasmic streaming">cytoplasmic streaming</a>, and the generation of <a href="Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiedigerHiharaHess2018" class="citation journal cs1">Riediger, Matthias; Hihara, Yukako; Hess, Wolfgang R. (2018-06-01). "From cyanobacteria and algae to land plants: The RpaB/Ycf27 regulatory network in transition". <i>Perspectives in Phycology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>25. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fpip%2F2018%2F0078">10.1127/pip/2018/0078</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2198-011X">2198-011X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90444313">90444313</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTurmelLemieux2018" class="citation cs2">Turmel, Monique; Lemieux, Claude (2018), "Evolution of the Plastid Genome in Green Algae", <i>Advances in Botanical Research</i>, Elsevier, pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>193, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.abr.2017.11.010">10.1016/bs.abr.2017.11.010</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780128134573</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hallmann-1998-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallmann-1998_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHallmannGodlWenzlSumper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hallmann A, Godl K, Wenzl S, Sumper M (May 1998). "The highly efficient sex-inducing pheromone system of Volvox". <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">185–</span>9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0966-842x%2898%2901234-7">10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01234-7</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9614342">9614342</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sekimoto-1990-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sekimoto-1990_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSekimotoSatohFujii1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sekimoto H, Satoh S, Fujii T (October 1990). "Biochemical and physiological properties of a protein inducing protoplast release during conjugation in theClosterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex". <i>Planta</i>. <b>182</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">348–</span>54. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02411384">10.1007/BF02411384</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24197184">24197184</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1999634">1999634</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTazawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Tazawa M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMxH0-q42PkC&pg=PA31">"Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology"</a>. <i>Progress in Botany 72</i>. Vol. 72. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13145-5_1">10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-13145-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921203727/http://home.arcor.de/stefan.wic/diplomarbeit.pdf#search=%22%22stefan%20wic%22%22/">Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213103838/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html">Green algae (UC Berkeley)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206081452/http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/flora/green.htm">Monterey Bay green algae</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l.1376" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt>

<dd>Archaea</dd>

<dd>Bacteria</dd>

<dd>Eukaryota</dd>

<dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt>

<dd>Metamonada</dd>

<dd>Discoba</dd>

<dd><a href="Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a>

<dl><dd>Hacrobia

<dl><dd>Cryptista</dd></dl></dd>

<dd>Rhizaria</dd>

<dd>Alveolata</dd>

<dd>Stramenopiles</dd>

<dd>Plants</dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a>

<dl><dd>Amoebozoa</dd>

<dd>Opisthokonta

<dl><dd>Animals</dd>

<dd>Fungi</dd>

<dd>Mesomycetozoea)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>

</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<a href="Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Glaucoplantae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Glaucophyta83" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">Rhodoplantae</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonadea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Cyanidiophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Proteorhodophytina" title="Proteorhodophytina">Proteorhodophytina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Eurhodophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhodophytina">Eurhodophytina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-65px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <span class="nobold">or <a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br>( & land plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-30px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorokybophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaeniaceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;;background: #D4EED4;">Klebsormidiophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Klebsormidiales" title="Klebsormidiales">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Coleochaetophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Liverwort" title="Liverwort">Marchantiophyta</a><br><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*3366" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†<i><a href="Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li>

<li>†Eophytidae</li>

<li>†<a href="Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>†Cooksoniopsida</li>

<li>†Renaliales</li>

<li>†<a href="Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>†<a href="Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li>†<a href="Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>†Ibykales</li>

<li>†<a href="Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li>

<li><a href="Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li>†Aneurophytopsida</li>

<li>†Archaeopteridopsida</li>

<li>†Noeggerathiopsida</li>

<li>†Protopityales</li></ul>

<ul><li>†<a href="Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li>

<li>†<a href="Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li>

<li>†Petriellales</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li>

<li><a href="Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li>

<li><a href="Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li>

<li><a href="Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div>

<ul><li>*<a href="Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li>

<li>† = <a href="Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072124-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Green algae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024578">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="řasy zelené"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128242&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285766805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d4ed8492-727d-4b57-9063-1be7aaa8d161">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Green_algae&oldid=1303972054">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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